AP Biology Summer Assignment

1. Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that forms during plant developmental processes and is found in plant buds, such as these.

2. Actin is a globular 42-k protein that is found in all eukaryotic cells and participates in all muscle contractions, such as the muscle contractions in my arm.

3. Adaptation of a plant occurs when a plant evolves to its surroundings, seen here with this plant that has grown around the table and chair.

4. An amniotic egg is an egg that can survive outside the womb, like this chicken egg.

5. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch into sugar and is found in human saliva, like the saliva used to break down this half-eaten cracker.

6. Angiosperms are flowering plants, such as this geranium.

7. The anther and filament of the stamen are the tip and stem of the stamen in flowers, respectively. The anther is circled in black and the filament is circled in yellow.

8. An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and joining appendages, such as this dead butterfly I found in my garage.

9. An autotroph is an organism that produces complex organic compounds, such as this geranium plant.

10. Basidiomycetes are a group of fungi that bear sexually produced spores on a basidium, such as this mushroom.

11. Bryophyte are all land plants that are nonvascular, such as this moss.

12. A C4 plant is a plant that utilizes the carbon fixation pathway. Sugarcane is an example of a C4 plant.

13. Cambium is the layer of dividing cells between xylem and phloem, and is found in tree bark.

14. Fibrous carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds including sugars, starches, and celluloses that serve as a major energy source. An onion is an example of a fibrous carbohydrate.

15. Cellulose is an organic compound consisting of a linear chain of numerous linked D-glucose units. Cotton contains cellulose.

16. Chitin is a primarily nitrogen-based polysaccharide. It is a tough, semi-transparent substance that is found not only in the exoskeleton of insects, but also in the walls of the mycelium in a mushroom.

17. Conifer leaves are leaves arranged spirally, like this needled plant.

18. Connective tissue is tissue made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs. It is found in bones, such as the ones in my arm.

19. The cuticle layer of a plant is a waxy coating that helps prevent dessication, shown on this leaf by the reflection of light.

20. Deciduous leaves are leaves that fall off trees after maturity, such as these leaves found on the ground in my backyard.

21. Deuterostomes are organisms in which the anus grows first in embryonic development, such as my dog Belle.

22. A dicot plant is a flowering plant with two embryonic leaves, such as this geranium, shown here with flower and leaf.

23. The diploid chromosome number is twice the number of chromosomes in a cell. Because I am human, a cell my hand has a diploid chromosome number of 46.

24. Endosperm is nutritive tissue in the seeds of flowering plants. Flour is finely-ground endosperm.

25. An endotherm is an organism that generates heat to maintain its own body temperature. My dog Belle is an endotherm because she is a mammal.

26. Epithelial tissue is a tissue composed of cells that covers the entire surface of the body, including my hand.

27. Ethylene is a colorless, odorless gas emitted by all plants.

28. A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures inside the membranes, such as my dog Belle.

29. Fermentation is the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol, such as this whisky, by yeast.

30. Fleshy fruit is fruit with a smooth skin and thick flesh, such as this apple. The seed is shown in the middle of the apple.

31. A frond is a large, divided leaf, such as the leaves found on this fern.

32. A fungus is a large group of eukaryotic organisms that contains microorganisms, such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms like this one.

33. A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a modified gene or a gene from another organism using genetic engineering, such as these large strawberries.

34. Glycogen is the molecule that functions as the secondary long-term storage in animal and fungi cells. In animal cells, it is primarily made by the liver, circled here in white.

35. A gymnosperm leaf is a leaf with a "naked seed", such as these needled leaves.

36. Herbaceous stems are green, bendable stems, such as this plant stem.

37. Keratin is an extremely strong structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails, such as my thumb nail.

38. A K-strategist is an organism that uses a survival and reproduction strategy characterized by low fecundity, low mortality, longer life, and populations approaching the carrying capacity of the environment. My dog Belle is a K-strategist in that dogs have low mortality and spend a lot of time and energy raising few young.

39. Lepidoptera is an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies, such as this butterfly.

40. Lignin is a complex polymer that binds to cellulose fibers and hardens and strengthens the cell walls of plants. It is the chief non-carbohydrate constituent of wood, such as the wood in this tree.

41. Lipids used for energy storage are naturally occuring molecules that store energy. Vegetable oil is an example of a lipid used for energy storage.

42. Phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients, particularly sucrose, to all parts of the plant, such as this plant, where needed.

43. Fibrous protein is protein that tends to be insoluble and strong and plays a structural role in organisms for support or protection. It helps in the strengthening of hair.

44. A protostome is an organism in which the mouth forms first in embryonic development, such as this insect.

45. An r-strategist is an organism that is characterized by a small body, rapid maturation, and large population sizes that grow exponentially and crash. A weed is an example of an r-strategist.

46. A spore is a single-celled biological reproductive system. It is used by fungi, such as this mushroom.

47. A unicellular organism is an organism with one cell, such as the bacteria used to digest this food.

48. Vascular plant tissue is tissue that conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant body. Some of the veins carrying said water and nutrients are circled in this photo.

49. Woody stems are stems of plants that are stiff, rigid, and made of wood.

50. Xylem is transport tissue that carries water and some nutrients throughout plants, such as the plant seen here.